International journal of Education, Technology and Social Sciences

Between 1885 and 1947, the Indian national movement was profoundly shaped by the press and literary production, which together functioned as powerful instruments of political awakening and social mobilization. The expansion of print culture, supported by advances in printing technology and the growth of vernacular languages, enabled the circulation of nationalist ideas across diverse regions and social groups. Newspapers, journals, pamphlets, and literary works created a vibrant public sphere in which colonial authority was questioned and alternative visions of nationhood were articulated. Writers, editors, and journalists employed prose, poetry, fiction, and editorials to foster political consciousness, critique imperial policies, and inspire collective action. Literature in Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, and other regional languages played a crucial role in linking cultural identity with political resistance, while the press translated elite nationalist debates into accessible public discourse. Despite censorship, sedition laws, and state repression, print media sustained dialogue, shaped public opinion, and connected local grievances to national aspirations. The interaction between press and literature thus contributed decisively to the formation of nationalist consciousness and strengthened the ideological foundations of India‘s struggle for independence.